Being on a tight budget your best bet might just be to rebuild your 350 heads, Plus what 4wdKC just said above. For the Vortec heads, they are easy power with great flow if you can swing them. They do come up on my local Craigslist time to time for not too bad of pricing. Most yards around here pull all of the motors and sell them separately but you can get just a set of heads from them. With both of these options I would end up rebuilding the heads anyway, or at least getting them inspected.
I'm going to guess that your timing is too far advanced which is causing the rattle. The higher grade of gasoline at this point is a temporary "bandaid". We do still need to find the underlying cause. This link talks about it in great detail
http://www.onestopauto.com/What-causes-spark-knock.html Your A/F mixture will attribute to it but I would check that timing out first, make sure its good then adjust the carb. While doing this its a good idea to run the fuel you will normally be running. You do not want to set everything for running a higher octane, then expect it to run the same with lower octane gas.
The 305 head on a 350 also will need to be addressed as that wont be a long lasting solution. I've never heard of that so someone else will need to touch on if that could be a cause of this noise.